Diisononyl Phthalate Overview

Diisononyl Phthalate (DINP) C6H4(COOC9H19)2, is a clear, colorless, and almost odorless liquid chemical. It is soluble in most organic solvents. DINP is primarily used as a PVC plasticizer. As compared to DOP, the low volatility and better endurability of DINP significantly reduces the fume emissions during the processing procedure and improves its permanence in the final product.

DINP is a mixture of isomers that have alkyl chains from 7 to 9 carbons long, but the largest portion of the mixture have chains composed of 8-carbon in length (a.k.a. isononyl alcohol).

DINP is a general purpose plasticizer with a broad range of applications used in flexible PVC. It is widely used in the toy, construction, and general consumer product markets. It has limited use in food packaging and is not used in medical applications.

Plasticizer Overview
Plasticizers are polymer additives that serve to increase the polymer's flexibility, elongation and ease of processing. In other words, they make the polymer more workable. In technical terms, the addition of a plasticizer generally causes a reduction in the cohesive intermolecular forces along polymer chains. The chains can then move more freely relative to one another, hence reducing the stiffness of the polymer.

The use of plasticizers began in the mid 1860s when castor oil was added to Cellulose Nitrate. The most commonly measured physical effects include melt viscosity, elasticity modulus, and the glass transition temperature. Other types of plasticizers have been used through the years, but in the late 1930s, phthalates were introduced because they were believed to be less toxic. The two most common plasticizers used today are di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-isononyl phthalate (DINP). Both of which are generally used in the manufacture of PVC related products.

The Phthalate Plasticizer Market
In 1999, the global volume of plasticizers was approximately 10 billion lbs., or about $5 billion, The market has had an average yearly growth rate of 2-3 percent.

Of these plasticizers, standard phthalate esters comprise over 85 percent of the tonnage produced every year. Phthalates command the market due to their low cost, ease of use and availability. Other common plasticizers include adipates, polymerics and trimellitates.

Over 90 percent of plasticizer volume goes into flexible PVC applications. Plasticized PVC polymer is found in a wide variety of products including food packaging, construction materials, toys, and medical devices. Yet PVC in its "true" form is a hard, brittle polymer used in PVC pipe for the construction industry.

About Diisononyl Phthalate

Vestinol® 9 DINP is a phthalate ester used mainly as a plasticizer. Plasticizers are substances added to plastics to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity. They are primarily used to soften polyvinyl chloride. 


History

The development of cellulose nitrate in 1846 led to the manufacture of castor oil which was patented in 1856 for use as the first plasticizer. In 1870, camphor became fhe more favored plasticizer for cellulose nitrate. Phthalates were first introduced in the 1920s and quickly replaced the volatile and odorous camphor. In 1931, the commercial availability of polyvinyl chloride and the development of di-2-ehthylhexyl phthalate began the boom of the plasticizer PVC industry, the primary use of Diisononyl Phthalate, commonly referred to as DINP.



Properties

Phthalate esters are the dialkyl esters of phthalic acid. The name phthalate is derived from phthalic acid, which itself is derived from the word "naphthalene." When added to plastics, phthalates allow the long molecules to slide against one another. The phthalates have a clear liquid consistency and show low water solubility, low oil solubility and low volatility. The polar carboxyl group contributes little to the physical properties of the phthalates, except when R and R' are very small short chain moieties, such as ethyl or methyl groups. Phthalate esters are colorless, odorless, liquids produced by reacting phthalic anhydride with an appropriate alcohol (usually 6 to 13 carbon atoms in length).

Applications using Diisononyl Phthalate

Phthalates in general are used in a large variety of products, from enteric coatings of pharmaceutical pills and nutritional supplements to viscosity control agents, gelling agents, film formers, stabilizers, dispersants, lubricants, binders, emulsifuying agents, and suspending agents. End applications include adhesives and glues, agricultural adjuvants, building materials, personal care products, children's toys, modeling clay, waxes, paints, printing inks and coatings, as well as textiles.

Specifically, approximately 95 percent of DINP produced is used in PVC as a plasticiser. More than half of the remaining 5 percent is used in the production of polymers other than PVC (e.g. rubber). The remaining DINP is used in non-polymer applications including anti-corrosion paints, anti-fouling paints, lacquers, inks, adhesives and sealants.

Product Specification - Diisononyl Phthalate

Product	VESTINOL 9 Diisononyl Phtalate (DINP)
CAS-No	28553-12-0
Appearance	Clear, without any visible impurities
Chemical Name	Di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP)

Application
The higher molecular weight of DINP brings about less thickening of the plastisol compared with DEHP. This n-butene based low branched grade is noted for achieving a lower viscosity and more pronounced cold flexibility in comparison with customary DINP grades.

Specification

Property	Value	Unit	Test Method
Color (APHA, Hazen)	40 max.	Mg Pt/l	DIN ISO 6271/ASTM D 1209
Dynamic viscosity, 20°C	72-82	mPa s	DIN S3015/ASTM D 445
Density, 20°C1	0.972 - 0.977	g/ml	DIN 51 757 / ASTM D 4052
Refractive index, 20°C	1.484  - 1.488	-	DIN 51 423/2 / ASTM D 1045
Acid number 1	0.04 max	mg KOH/g	DIN EN ISO 3628 / ASTM D 1045
Ester content, CG 2	99.6 min	% by mass	Degussa-Hüls
Water content	0.05 max	% by mass	DIN 51 777 / ASTM E 203

1) Tested frequently, but not batchwise
2) Compiles with Process Capability Index cpk ³ 1

Material Safety Data Sheet

1. Supplier and Substance Identification

Trade name	VESTINOL 9 di-isononyl phthalate
Use of the Substance / Preparation	Plasticizer

Company	The Chemical Company 19 Narragansett Avenue Jamestown, RI 02835 USA
Phone	401.423.3100
Fax	401.423.3102
Email	info@thechemco.com
Web	www.thechemco.com

2.Composition /Information on ingredients

Information on ingredients / Hazardous components

• di-isononyl phthalate
          CAS-No. 28553-12-0          EC-No. 249-079-5

See chapter 16 for text of risk phrases

Other information
in a non-stabilised form

3.Hazard Identification

No specific hazards are known.

4.First Aid Measures

General advice
Take care of your own personal safety.
Move out of dangerous area.
Take off all contaminated clothing immediately.
Keep warm and in a quiet place.
Do not leave the victim unattended.

Inhalation
After inhalation of vapors / spray mist
Bring affected person outside and ensure that he/she is comfortable.
If symptoms persist, call a physician.
In case of difficulties in breathing, supply oxygen.
Employ artificial respiration if breathing ceases.
Call a physician immediately.

Skin contact
Wash off with plenty of water and soap immediately.
If symptoms persist, call a physician.

Eye contact
Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes.
In case of persistent discomfort: Consult an ophthalmologist.

Ingestion
If swallowed, rinse mouth with water (only if the person is conscious).
Immediately give large quantities of water to drink.
Seek medical advice immediately.

Notes to physician
Low-level toxicity
No specific antidote known.

5.Fire Fighting Measures

Suitable extinguishing media
Water spray, foam, CO2, dry powder.

Extinguishing media which must not be used for safety reasons
high volume water jet

Specific hazards during fire fighting
In case of fire cool endangered containers with water.

Special protective equipment for fire-fighters
In the case of respirable dust and/or fumes, use self-contained breathing apparatus.

6.Accidental Release Measures

Personal precautions
Wear personal protective equipment; see section 8.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Ensure adequate ventilation.

Environmental precautions
Do not allow entrance in sewage water, drainage systems, stretches of water, soil.
Issue an immediate alarm report to the company environmental protection
department if the product unintentionally leaves the production area.

Methods for cleaning up
Take up mechanically or with an absorbent material.
Fill into marked, sealable containers.
To be disposed of in compliance with existing regulations.
Suitable binder: universal absorbent, diatomaceous earth, oil absorbent

7.Handling and Storage

Handling
          Safe handling advice
          Wear personal protective equipment; see section 8.
          If possible, use material transfer/filling, metering and blending plants that are closed.
          Advice on protection against fire and explosion
          Normal measures for preventive fire protection.
          Temperature class
          T 2

Storage
          Requirements for storage areas and containers
          Keep container tightly closed.
          Keep in a dry place.
          Suitable materials aluminium (min. 99.5 %), Material number:, 3.0255
          Suitable materials aluminium magnesium alloys., (Quality Class F 18), Material number:,3.3535
          Unsuitable materials PVC
          Recommended sealing materials for example
          Graphite flat gaskets with metal insert made of 1.4401.
          PTFE flat gaskets with 25% by weight glass fibres, especially for manhole cover seals.
          Advice on common storage
          Observe prohibition against storing together!
          German storage class
          10 - Combustible liquids neither in Storage Class 3A nor 3B

8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

Components with workplace control parameters
CAS-No.	28553-12-0	EC-No. 249-079-5
Control parameters	5 mg/m3 Time Weighted Average (TWA):(EH40 WEL)

Engineering measures
If possible, use material transfer/filling, metering and blending plants that are closed.

Occupational exposure controls
Further information

ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industry Hygienists)

Personal protective equipment
Respiratory protection
In case of dusts/vapours/aerosols being formed or if the limit values like TLV are exceeded: use respiratory equipment with suitable filter (filter type A) or wear a self contained respiratory apparatus

Hand protection Chemical-resistant protective gloves (EN 374)
Glove material	suitable protective gloves, e.g. nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) gloves
Material thickness	0.4 mm
Break through time	>= 480 min
Method	Source: KCL GmbH

Selection of protective gloves to meet the requirements of specific workplaces. Suitability for specific workplaces should be clarified with protective glove manufacturers.
The information is based on our own tests, references from the literature and information from glove manufacturers, or derived by analogy with similar materials. Remember that the useful time per day of a chemical protection glove may be much shorter than the permeation time determined according to EN 374 due to the many different influential factors involved (e.g. temperature).

Eye protection
safety glasses

Skin and body protection
Select materials and equipment for physical protection depending on the concentration and volume of hazardous substances and the workplace involved.

Hygiene measures
Do not inhale vapours / aerosols.
Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Remove contaminated or saturated clothing.
Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in the application area.

Protective measures
Wear suitable protective clothing.

Environmental exposure controls
see section 6.

9.Physical and Chemical Properties

Appearance
Form	liquid
Odour	odourless
Safety data
pH (20 °C)	neutral aqueous extract
Melting point/range	ca. -54 °C Pour point
Boiling point/range	270.0 - 280.0 °C (5 hPa)
Flash point	ca. 200 °C Method: DIN EN 22 719
Ignition temperature	ca. 400 °C Method: DIN 51 794
Explosiveness	no explosion limits under standard conditions
Lower explosion limit	0.4 %(V)
Upper explosion limit	2.9 %(V)
Vapour pressure	< 0.01 hPa (20 °C)
Density	0.972 - 0.977 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Water solubility	< 0.100 g/l (20 °C)
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water) log Pow: 9.98 (calculated) related to substance: di-isononyl phthalate
Viscosity, dynamic	72.00 - 82.00 mPa.s (20 °C) Method: DIN 53 015
Molecular Weight	419 g/Mol

10.Stability and Reactivity

Conditions to avoid	Keep away from heat and sources of ignition.
Materials to avoid	strong oxidizing agents, Hydrogen peroxide
Hazardous decomposition products	not known
Thermal decomposition	> 280 °C
Hazardous reactions	None known.

11. Toxicological Information

Acute oral toxicity	LD50 rat(male/female): > 10000 mg/kg Method: OECD Guide-line 401 Own study No labelling required
Skin irritation	Rabbit / 4 h not irritating Method: OECD Test Guideline 404 Own study
Eye irritation	Rabbit not irritating Method: OECD Test Guideline 405 Own study
Gentoxicity in vitro no	evidence of mutagenic effects, (literature value)
Toxicity to reproduction	no evidence of reproductiontoxic properties

12. Ecological Information

Elimination information (persistence and degradability)

Biodegradability

aerobic inoculum: Activated sludge Exposure time: 28 d Result: 81 % readily biodegradable Method: (CO2; modif. Sturm test - 92/69/EEC part C.4-C) Own study

Behaviour in environmental compartments

Ecotoxicity effects

Toxicity to fish	LC50 semi-static test Brachydanio rerio: > 100.00 mg/l / 96 h Method: EC 92/69 Fish, acute toxicity test tested in the presence of emulsifiers In the range of water solubility not toxic under test conditions. Own test result. LC0 semi-static test Brachydanio rerio: >= 100 mg/l / 96 h Method: Directive 92/69/EEC C.1 Fish, acute toxicity test tested in the presence of emulsifiers In the range of water solubility not toxic under test conditions. Own test result.
Toxicity to daphnia	NOEC semi-static test Daphnia magna: >= 100 mg/l / 21 d Method: OECD 202 part 2 tested in the presence of emulsifiers In the range of water solubility not toxic under test conditions. Own test result. EC50 static test Daphnia magna: >= 74 mg/l 24 h Method: Directive 92/69/EEC C.2 Own test result. EC50 static test Daphnia magna: >= 74 mg/l/48 h Method: Directive 92/69/EEC C.2 Own test result.
Toxicity to algae	EC50 scenedesmus subspicatus: >100.00 mg/l/72 h Method: EC 92/69 cell multiplication inhibition test tested in the presence of emulsifiers Own test result. NOEC scenedesmus subspicatus: >= 100.00 mg/l /72 h Method: EC 92/69 cell multiplication inhibition test tested in the presence of emulsifiers Own test result.
Toxicity in terrestrial plants	EC50 Lepidium sativum: > 1000 mg/l Test period: 19 d Method: OECD 208 Own test result. EC50 Triticum aestivum: > 1000 mg/l Test period: 19 d Method: OECD 208 Own test result. EC50 Lactuca sativa (lettuce): > 1000 mg/l Test period: 21 d Method: OECD 208 Own test result.

13. Disposal Consideration

Product
With respect to local regulations, e.g. dispose of to waste incineration plant No waste key number as per the European Waste Types List can be assigned to this product, since such classification is based on the (as yet undetermined) use to which the product is put by the consumer. The waste key number must be determined as per the European Waste Types List (decision on EU Waste Types List 2000/532/EC) in cooperation with the disposal firm / producing firm / official authority.

14. Transport Information

Transport/further information
Not classified as dangerous in the meaning of transport regulations.
IBC Code Product Name: DIALKYL (C7-C13) Phthalates; MARPOL Category: X; Ship Type: 2

15. Regulatory Information

Labelling according to EC Directives
Statutory basis/list Not subject to labelling provisions by Directive 67/548/EEC.

National legislation

16. Other Information
Risk phrase (R phrase) texts

Shipping & Ordering Information

Vestinol® 9 DINP (Diisononyl Phthalate) Plasticizer is available for shipping throughout the continental United States with 1 week lead time. Please call (401) 423-3100 for details. The product is delivered in metal drums by truck and railcar, and bulk tanker trucks.

Contact
The Chemical Company
19 Narragansett Ave.
Post Office Box 436
Jamestown, RI 02835-0436

Telephone: (401) 423-3100
FAX: (401) 423-3102
Robert N. Roach III "Robb"
President
Cell: (401) 864-3111
Email: robb@thechemco.com