Epoxidized Soybean Oil Overview

TCC's Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) is a non-toxic, clear to yellow liquid that is used as a plasticizer and stabilizer in plastic materials, especially PVC and its copolymers.

ESO is also used as a pigment dispersing agent and acid/mercaptan scavenging agent as well as an epoxy reactive diluent.

Soybean oil is the most readily available and one of the lowest-cost vegetable oils in the world. Epoxidized Soybean Oil is the result of the oxidation of soybean oil with hydrogen peroxide and either acetic or formic acid. ESO is industrially available in large volume at a relatively low price.

Due to its low cost and biodegradability over traditional phthalate plasticizers, ESO is replacing dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in some applications.

TCC's ESO is a cost efficient choice for a variety of applications that also includes functional fluids, flavor and fragrances, sealants, coatings, and special inks.

TCC can deliver ESO with one (1) week lead time in 200 kg drums, totes and bulk containers by rail or tanker truck.

About Epoxidized Soybean Oil

Expoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is a non-toxic clear to yellow liquid that is the result of the oxidation of soybean oil with hydrogen peroxide and either acetic or formic acid. ESO is industrially available in large volume at a low price.

ESO is an epoxidized glycerol fatty ester that is used as a plasticizer and stabilizer in plastic materials. The substance is especially useful in PVC and its copolymers to keep plastics and rubber soft and pliable. The epoxy functionality provides excellent heat and light stability.

The term "epoxide" indicates three-membered cyclic ether in which an oxygen atom is jointed to each of two carbon atoms that are already bonded to each other. The unhindered oxygen atom carries two unshared pairs of electrons, a structure that favors the formation of coordination complexes and the solvation of cations. Because of equilateral triangle strain in this snall ring, epoxides are more reactive than larger ring ethers.

Epoxides undergo reactions such as C—O bond cleavage, nucleophilic addition, hydrolysis and reduction under mild conditions and more rapidly than other ethers. Epoxides are formed by some oxidation reactions of alkenes with peracids.

Applications using Epoxidized Soybean Oil

TCC's Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) is used as a plasticizer and stabilizer in plastic materials, especially PVC and its copolymers to keep these plastics soft and pliable.

The chemical is also used as a pigment dispersing agent and acid/mercaptan scavenging agent as well as an epoxy reactive diluent.

Soybean oil is one of the most readily available and lower-cost vegetable oils in the world. ESO is industrially available in large volume at a relatively low price.

Due to its low cost non-toxic and environmentally friendly properties, as well as its biodegradability over traditional phthalate plasticizers, ESO is replacing dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in some applications.

TCC's ESO is also used as a pigment dispersing agent and acid/mercaptan scavenging agent as well as an epoxy reactive diluent. ESO and other epoxide substances are used as raw materials for various applications that include functional fluids, fuel additives, polyol replacements, agricultural and pharmaceutical molecules, flavor and fragrances, reactive diluents and UV cure applications, surfactants, adhesives, sealants, coatings, and special inks.

Product Specification - Epoxidized Soybean Oil

Product Description
TCC's ESO (Epoxidized Soybean Oil) adds a new dimension to improvements in PVC compounds. High Oxirane oxygen efficiency from specially processed soybean oil produces a total compatibility and stabilization performance that is second to none.

Epoxidized oils have been marketed for over three decades. Early products were deficient due to a high residual iodine value of the finished epoxide which ranged from 20-25. Thought to be a substitute for DOP, they were misapplied resulting in early spew or exudation.

It was discovered over the next few years that to achieve approximately ninety-five percent of the total compatibility potential, the iodine value of 5-7, was a necessity. It was found that below an iodine value of three, no absolute compatibility correlation using artificial or natural exposures could be made due to other variables such as hydroxyl value, viscosity, polymerization effects, and base soybean oil.

TCC's Epoxidized Soybean Oil utilizes only the highest iodine value, lowest saturated soybean oil available in the country. This reduces the probability of randomly high saturated triglycerides which adversely affecting formulation compatibility.

Epoxidized Soybean Oil has been found to be the best value of all stabilizing additives. ESO has been accepted as a standard industry formulation tool, affecting cost reductions and improving performance in heat and light stability. No other additive enjoys such universal acceptance for all types of vinyl compounds.

TCC's Epoxidized Soybean Oil functions as the most effective known synergist to metallic stabilizer compounds in vinyl systems. At the same time, TCC's Epoxidized Soybean Oil functions as a true polymeric type plasticizer by adding flexibility and retarding volatilization, water extraction, and migration due to its high molecular weight.

Packaging
TCC's Epoxidized Soybean Oil is available in 55 gallon (450 lb net) steel drums, bulk tank trucks, bulk rail cars, and totes.

Suggestions for Use

Plasticization of all PVC flexible and semi-flexible compounds.
Heat and light stabilization of all flexible, semi-rigid, and rigid PVC compounds.
Pigment dispersions as an outstanding grinding liquid.
Plate-out resistant compounds requiring high epoxy levels.
Acid acceptance in chlorinated hydrocarbons, phosphoric acid esters, and natural resins.
Plasticization of PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) and PVA (Polyvinyl Acetate) emulsions.
Plasticization of chlorinated rubber, nitrocellulose, and neoprene.
Process improvement in certain rigid compounds.
Acid scavenging in soy based ink compounds.

Applications in PVC Compounds

Floor covering.
Coated fabrics: automotive and furniture upholstery, sporting equipment, wall coverings, clothing and luggage.
Unsupported films.
Pigment dispersions.
Injection molding compounds.
Wire and cable coatings.
Plastisols & Organisols used in molding, dipping, and casting applications.
Extrusions: welting, gasketing, weather strip, beverage tubing, hose.
Foam for padding, seating, automotive and packaging.
Blow molded bottles.
Printed semi-rigid and rigid laminate film.

TCC's Epoxidized Soybean Oil
Typical Physical Properties

Oxirane Oxygen	7.0% Min
Specific Gravity 25°/25°C	0.993
Color - APHA	150 Max
Pounds Per Gallon @ 25°C	8.3
Viscosity Stokes @ 25°C	4.2
Acid Value	0.5 Max
Molecular Weight	1,000
Freeze Point	0°C
Fire Point	315°C
Refractive Index @ 25°C	1.472
Odor	Mild

Product Benefits

Efficient Heat & Light Stabilization
Low Viscosity.
High Detergent Resistance.
Low Volatility.
Improves Processing Speed.
Excellent Pigment Wetting.
Improves Plastisol Viscosity Stability.
Low Styrene & Lacquer Mar.
High oil & Gas Resistance.

Compatibility

Compatible With:
Polyvinyl Chloride
Chlorinated Rubber
Ethyl Cellulose
Nitrocellulose
Polyvinyl Acetate

Partially Compatible With:
Alkyds

Incompatible With:
Cellulose Acetate
Cellulose Acetate Propionate
Polyvinyl Butyral

Solvents

Miscible:
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Butanol
Esters
Ketones
Plasticizers

Partly Miscible:
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Ethanol

Immiscible:
Water

Performance Information @ 50 phr

	TCC	Epoxy A	Epoxy B	DOP
Tensile Strength	2770	2805	2758	2650
Elongation	377	358	380	392
100% Modulus	1587	1690	1577	1450
Tear Strength	505	540	507	452
Durometer Hardness	90	92	90	85
Clash & Berg (Tf=135,000)	-11°C	-9.5°C	-11°C	-23°C
Volatility	0.3	0.3	0.4	4.1
Water Extraction	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.26
Soap Extraction	0.28	0.31	0.33	4.20
Gasoline Extraction	2.2	2.5	2.9	13.6
Mineral Oil Extraction	0.96	0.87	1.26	3.1
Motor Oil Extraction	1.41	1.27	1.59	3.77
Hexane Extraction	2.50	2.35	3.12	16.60
Neoprene Migration	7.1	7.4	8.6	18.6
GRS Migration	6.6	6.5	7.3	19.9
DC Volume Resistivity, Ohm Cm	.8x1013	.85x1013	1.0x10133	1.0x1013
Accelerated UV Hrs to Slight Spew	26	21	17	8

Epoxidized Soybean Oil

Environmental and Safety Information
BEFORE HANDLING THIS MATERIAL, READ AND UNDERSTAND THE MSDS (MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET) FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND FOR SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION.

For Environmental, Safety & Toxicology information, contact our Customer Service Department at (800) 446-2800 to request a Material Safety Data Sheet. We believe strongly in Responsible Care as a Public Commitment.

More Technical Information Available
Ask your TCC representative for further information about other additives for use in PVC resins, PVC alloys, and other polymer systems. TCC produces a full line of heat stabilizers, impact modifiers, process aids and epoxidized vegetable oils.

TCC offers complete technical service and assistance. Our laboratories and personnel are ready to assist you in any phase of your evaluation, from formulation development to end product testing.

TCC Epoxy Plasticizers
The TCC line of epoxy plasticizers offers flexible PVC producers the highest quality, dual-function epoxidized vegetable oils available. TCC has the ability to produce material with exacting specifications to meet varied customer requirements.

Material Safety Data Sheet

1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION

Company Name	The Chemical Company
Customer Service Number Phone Number	(401) 423-3100
Product Name	Epoxidized Soybean Oil
Product Synonym(s)	ESO, EPO
Chemical Family	NA
Chemical Formula	NA
Chemical Name	Epoxidized Soybean Oil
EPA Reg Num	NA
Product Use	Epoxide Source

2. COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS

Ingredient Name	Soybean oil, epoxidized
CAS Registry Number	8013-07-8
Typical %	100
OSHA	N

The substance(s) marked with a "Y" in the OSHA column, are identified as hazardous chemicals according to the criteria of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200)

While this material is not classified as hazardous under Federal OSHA regulations, this MSDS contains valuable information critical to the safe handling and proper use of this product. This MSDS should be retained and available for employees and other users of this product.

The components of this product are all on the TSCA Inventory list.

3. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

Emergency Overview

Light yellow viscous liquid, slight vegetable odor.

HANDLE IN ACCORDANCE WITH GOOD INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND SAFETY PRACTICES.

Potential Health Effects

Inhalation and skin contact are expected to be the primary routes of occupational exposure to this material. On the basis of available information, exposure to this material is not expected to produce significant adverse human health effects; however, use of appropriate good industrial hygiene and safety precautions to control exposure is recommended when handling or using this material.

Inhalation and skin contact are expected to be the primary routes of occupational exposure to this material. Based on single exposure animal tests, it is considered to be practically non-toxic if swallowed or absorbed through skin, no more than slightly toxic if inhaled, and slightly irritating to eyes and skin. Repeated exposure may cause an allergic skin reaction. Precautions should be taken to limit aerosolization or misting of this material, as aerosols may be irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract.

4. FIRST AID MEASURES

IN CASE OF CONTACT, flush the area with plenty of water. Remove material from clothing. Wash clothing before reuse.

IF SWALLOWED, induce vomiting as directed by medical personnel. Get medical attention. NEVER GIVE ANYTHING BY MOUTH TO AN UNCONSCIOUS PERSON.

IF INHALED, remove to fresh air.

5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Fire and Explosive Properties

Auto-Ignition Temperature	NA
Flash Point	590 F (COC) Flash Point Method
Flammable Limits- Upper	NA
Lower	NA

Extinguishing Media
Use water spray. A solid stream of water can cause frothing and spattering. Fire fighters and others who may be exposed to products of combustion should wear full fire fighting turn out gear (full Bunker Gear) and self-contained breathing apparatus (pressure demand NIOSH approved or equivalent). Fire fighting equipment should be thoroughly decontaminated after use.

Fire Fighting Instructions
Fire fighters and others who may be exposed to products of combustion should wear full fire fighting turn out gear (full Bunker Gear) and self-contained breathing apparatus (pressure demand NIOSH approved or equivalent). Fire fighting equipment should be thoroughly decontaminated after use.

Fire and Explosion Hazards
When burned, hazardous products of combustion including carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide can be formed. Acrolein can be generated at 550 F.

6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES

In Case of Spill or Leak
Isolate hazard area and deny entry to unnecessary or unprotected personnel. Contain spilled liquid with sand or earth. Clean up spill immediately, observing precautions in the Personal Protection section of MSDS. Avoid runoff into storm sewers and ditches which lead to waterways.

7. HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practices. These practices include avoiding unnecessary exposure and removal of material from eyes, skin and clothing.

Storage
This material is not hazardous under normal storage conditions; however, material should be stored in closed containers, in a secure area to prevent container damage and subsequent spillage. It is recommended that containers be raised above floor or ground during extended storage periods to prevent container corrosion due to standing water.

8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION

Engineering Controls
Investigate engineering techniques to reduce exposures. Provide ventilation if necessary to minimize exposures. If practical, use local mechanical exhaust ventilation at sources of air contamination such as open process equipment.

Eye / Face Protection
Use good industrial practice to avoid eye contact.

Skin Protection
Minimize skin contamination by following good industrial hygiene practice. Wearing rubber gloves is recommended. Wash hands and contaminated skin thoroughly after handling.

Respiratory Protection
Where airborne exposure is likely, use NIOSH approved respiratory protection equipment appropriate to the material and/or its components. If exposures cannot be kept at a minimum with engineering controls, consult the respirator manufacturer to determine appropriate type equipment for a given application. Observe respirator use limitations specified by NIOSH or the manufacturer. For emergency and other conditions where there may be a potential for significant exposure, use an approved full face positive-pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus or positive-pressure airline with auxiliary self-contained air supply. Respiratory protection programs must comply with 29 CFR § 1910.134.

Airborne Exposure Guidelines for Ingredients

The components of this product have no established Airborne Exposure Guidelines

Only those components with exposure limits are printed in this section.
Skin contact limits designated with a "Y" above have skin contact effect. Air sampling alone is insufficient to accurately quantify exposure. Measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be required.
ACGIH Sensitizer designator with a value of "Y" above means that exposure to this material may cause allergic reactions.
WEEL-AIHA Sensitizer designator with a value of "Y" above means that exposure to this material may cause allergic skin reactions.

9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Appearance/Odor	Light yellow viscous liquid, slight vegetable odor.
pH	NE
Specific Gravity	0.994
Vapor Pressure	very low
Vapor Density	Nonvolatile
Melting Point	NE
Freezing Point	0 (32 F)
Boiling Point	Decomposes
Solubility In Water	Insoluble
Evaporation Rate	very low
Percent Volatile	0.07
Other Physical Data	White solid suspended in clear liquid, characteristic odor.

10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

Stability
This material is chemically stable under specified conditions or storage, shipment and/or use. See HANDLING AND STORAGE section of this MSDS for specified conditions.

Hazardous Polymerization
Hazardous polymerization may occur if contaminated with strong mineral acid.

Incompatibility
Contact with strong acid may result in volume expansion. Do not expose to temperatures greater than 400º F.

Hazardous Decomposition Products
None known .

11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Toxicological Information

Single exposure (acute) studies indicate:

Oral - Practically Non-toxic to Rats (LD50 22,400 mg/kg)

Dermal - Practically Non-toxic to Rabbits (LD50 19,900 mg/kg)

Inhalation - Exposure to concentrated vapors for 8 hrs produced no deaths in rats

Eye Irritation - Slightly Irritating to Rabbits

Skin Irritation - Slightly Irritating to Rabbits

Soybean oil, epoxidized

Single exposure (acute) studies indicate that this material is practically non-toxic if swallowed (rat LD50 22,400 mg/kg) or absorbed through skin (rat LD50 19,900 mg/kg) and slightly irritating to rabbit eyes and skin.

Exposure to concentrated vapors for 8 hrs produced no deaths in rats.

No skin allergy was observed in guinea pigs following repeated exposure. Long-term dietary administration to rats produced increased mortality, reduced body weight gains, kidney and liver changes (enlarged, fatty infiltration of the liver), degeneration of the testes, and slight changes in the uterus. Life-time application to the skin of mice or life-time administration in the diet to rats did not increase the incidence of tumors. No effects were seen on the ability of male or female rats to reproduce or on the development of the offspring when exposed orally prior to mating. No genetic changes were observed in tests using bacteria and human or animal cells.

12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Ecotoxicological Information

Soybean oil, epoxidized
This material is practically non-toxic to brine shrimp (24-hr LC50 240 mg/I).

Chemical Fate Information

Soybean oil, epoxidized
The non-acclimated and acclimated extent of bio-oxidation were 0% and 24%, respectively, after 20 days in fresh water. The measured chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined to be 2.24 mg/mg. This material is not considered readily biodegradable in fresh water based on these data

13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

Waste Disposal

Recover, reclaim or recycle when practical.

Disposal via incineration is recommended. Appropriate pretreatment and disposal in an authorized landfill is acceptable. In all cases, dispose of material in accordance with all applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations. Consult appropriate regulatory officials or your attorney for information on such disposal.

Note: Chemical additions to, processing of, or otherwise altering this material may make this waste management information incomplete, inaccurate, or otherwise inappropriate. Furthermore, state and local waste disposal requirements may be more restrictive or otherwise different from federal laws and regulations.

14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION

DOT Name	Not regulated
DOT Technical Name
DOT Hazard Class
UN Number
DOT Packing Group	PG
RQ	NA

15. REGULATORY INFORMATION

Hazard Categories Under Criteria of SARA Title III Rules (40 CFR Part 370)

Immediate (Acute)	Health	N	Fire	N
Delayed (Chronic)	Health	N	Reactive	N
			Sudden Release of Pressure	N

The components of this product are all on the TSCA Inventory list.

Ingredient Related Regulatory Information:

SARA Reportable Quantities	CERCLA RQ	SARA TPQ
Soybean oil, epoxidized	NE

16. OTHER INFORMATION

Revision Information

Revision Date	02 JAN 2007	Revision Number 8
Supercedes Revision Dated	02-JAN-2007

Revision Summary
This product has been moved to the Functional Additives business unit.

Key
NE= Not Established NA= Not Applicable (R) = Registered Trademark

Shipping & Ordering Information

TCC's Epoxidized Soybean Oil is available for shipping throughout the continental United States with 1 week's lead-time. Please call (401) 423-3100 for details. The product is shipped by bulk rail, bulk tank truck, and in totes.

Contact
The Chemical Company
19 Narragansett Ave.
Post Office Box 436
Jamestown, RI 02835-0436

Telephone: (401) 423-3100
FAX: (401) 423-3102

Robert N. Roach III "Robb"
President
Cell: (401) 864-3111
Email: robb@thechemco.com